Escaping the Middle-Income Trap: Indonesia’s Path Toward Golden Indonesia 2045

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Published: Feb 20, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52802/aicp.v3i1.1802
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Keywords: Middle Income Trap, Productivity, Innovation, Human Resources, Infrastructure.

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Marhamah
UNIVERSITAS NAHDLATUL ULAMA KALIMANTAN BARAT
Hamzah Tawil
Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Kalimantan Barat
Yuni Firayanti
UNIVERSITAS NAHDLATUL ULAMA KALIMANTAN BARAT
Edy Suchmawan
UNIVERSITAS NAHDLATUL ULAMA KALIMANTAN BARAT
Arina Azwani
Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Kalimantan Barat

Abstract

Middle Income Trap (MIT) describes a situation in which middle-income countries are unable to transition into high-income countries. This occurs due to low labor productivity, high production costs, and the production of goods that lack high added value, making them uncompetitive in international markets. MIT results in slowing economic growth, stagnant per capita income, and a lack of improvement in the living standards of the population.The following steps require strong and continuous political commitment, as building a conducive investment climate and competitive innovation demands a long process and sufficient time, involving various stakeholders. In addition to investment and innovation, the optimization of resources must continue to be encouraged, including both natural resources (NR) and human resources (HR). In the era of Industry 4.0, the use of advanced technology is essential to increase the added value of production goods and reduce production costs. Abundant resources, both NR and HR, must be fully optimized. Therefore, high-tech research and the development of competitive human resources need adequate support from various stakeholders. In line with these efforts, the Indonesian government has implemented several strategies to escape the middle-income trap, including massive infrastructure development across various regions.


Keywords: Middle Income Trap, Productivity, Innovation, Human Resources, Infrastructure.

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How to Cite
Marhamah, Tawil, H., Firayanti, Y., Suchmawan, E., & Azwani, A. (2026). Escaping the Middle-Income Trap: Indonesia’s Path Toward Golden Indonesia 2045. PROCEEDING AL GHAZALI International Conference, 3(1), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.52802/aicp.v3i1.1802
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Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Integrating Knowledge, Inspiring Change: Ethics, Spiritual Resilience, and Global Harmony – Navigating Civilizational Challenges through Education and Wisdom.
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Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

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Suyitno, S. L. P. (2023). Transformasi Ekonomi Indonesia: Keluar Dari Middle Income Trap (MIT) Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Bappenas Working Papers, 6(3), 392–419. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v6i3.237
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Abi, A. R. (2017). PARADIGMA MEMBANGUN GENERASI EMAS INDONESIA TAHUN 2045. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 2(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.17977/um019v2i22017p085
Ahmad Fanani, I Wayan Midhio, & Afrizal Hendra. (2024). TANTANGAN PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MENUJU INDONESIA EMAS 2045. TheJournalish: Social and Government, 5(4), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.55314/tsg.v5i4.858
Jedlińska, R. (2024). Social effects of sustainable development-poverty. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 12(2), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2024.12213
Lumbangaol, H. E., & Pasaribu, E. (2019). Eksistensi dan Determinan Middle Income Trap di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 9(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v9i2.984
Maolana, M. I. (2024). Rancang Bangun Pengembangan Kerangka Sumber Daya Manusia Perencana Pembangunan Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Bappenas Working Papers, 7(3), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v7i3.370
Maryanti, S., Widayat, P., & Lubis, N. (2023). Economic Transformation To Get Out of the Middle Income Trap Condition To Reach Indonesia Gold 2045. ADPEBI International Journal of  Business and Social Science, 3(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.54099/aijbs.v3i1.356
Suyitno, S. L. P. (2023). Transformasi Ekonomi Indonesia: Keluar Dari Middle Income Trap (MIT) Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Bappenas Working Papers, 6(3), 392–419. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v6i3.237
Todaro dan Smith, 2011: 191. (n.d.). Istilah Middle Income Trap diperkenalkan oleh Gill and Kharas dalam buku yang berjudul an east Asian Renaissance : Ideas for economic growth .
 




Abi, A. R. (2017). PARADIGMA MEMBANGUN GENERASI EMAS INDONESIA TAHUN 2045. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 2(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.17977/um019v2i22017p085
Ahmad Fanani, I Wayan Midhio, & Afrizal Hendra. (2024). TANTANGAN PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MENUJU INDONESIA EMAS 2045. TheJournalish: Social and Government, 5(4), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.55314/tsg.v5i4.858
Jedlińska, R. (2024). Social effects of sustainable development-poverty. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 12(2), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2024.12213
Lumbangaol, H. E., & Pasaribu, E. (2019). Eksistensi dan Determinan Middle Income Trap di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 9(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v9i2.984
Maolana, M. I. (2024). Rancang Bangun Pengembangan Kerangka Sumber Daya Manusia Perencana Pembangunan Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Bappenas Working Papers, 7(3), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v7i3.370
Maryanti, S., Widayat, P., & Lubis, N. (2023). Economic Transformation To Get Out of the Middle Income Trap Condition To Reach Indonesia Gold 2045. ADPEBI International Journal of  Business and Social Science, 3(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.54099/aijbs.v3i1.356
Suyitno, S. L. P. (2023). Transformasi Ekonomi Indonesia: Keluar Dari Middle Income Trap (MIT) Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Bappenas Working Papers, 6(3), 392–419. https://doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v6i3.237
Todaro dan Smith, 2011: 191. (n.d.). Istilah Middle Income Trap diperkenalkan oleh Gill and Kharas dalam buku yang berjudul an east Asian Renaissance : Ideas for economic growth .