ISLAMIZATION OF THE ARCHIPELAGO: A STUDY OF THE ARRIVAL AND SPREAD OF ISLAM IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
Abstract
This article aims to examine theories about the arrival and spread of Islam in Southeast Asia as part of the process of Islamization of the Archipelago. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative and is included in the literature review. From the studies conducted, it can be seen that, as a whole, the Indian Theory, Arabian Theory, Persian Theory, Chinese Theory, and accommodation theory are attempts by scholars to answer three main questions, namely when, from where, and who brought Islam to the Archipelago. Indonesian and Malaysian. The differences between these theories are due to the need for supporting data and the partiality that tends only to emphasize specific aspects of the three main issues. Instead of opposing arguments whose debate will never be completed, these theories complement each other and cover up the deficiencies of each other
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Ali, Fachry, and Bahtiar Effendy. Traveling the New Path of Islam: Reconstructing Indonesian Islamic Thought during the New Order. Bandung: Mizan, 1990.
Al-Qurtuby, Sumanto. “Southeast Asia: History, Modernity, and Religious Change.” Al-Albab 2, no. 2 (December 2013): 145- 67.
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Asep Ahmad Hidayat, Samsudin, Dadan Rusmana, and Ajid Hakim. Islamic Studies in Southeast Asia. Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2013.
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---. Preliminary Statement on a General Theory of the Islamization of Malay-Indonesian Archipelago. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1969.
Azra, Azyumardi. Perennial Edition of the Network of Middle Eastern and Archipelago Scholars of the VII and XVIII Centuries: The Roots of Indonesian Islamic Renewal. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group, 2013.
---. “New Muslim Intellectuals and Islamic Studies.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 19, no. 1 (2012): 191-202.
---. “CUHK-1 Islamic Studies.” REPUBLIKA.CO.ID. http://m.republika.co.id/berita/kolom/resonansi/14/10/22/ndurfj-kajian-islam-cuhk-1.
---. Southeast Asian Islamic Renaissance: A History of Discourse and Power. 2nd ed. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000.
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Benda, Harry Jinrich. Crescent and Rising Sun. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.
Brown, C.C., trans. By. Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals, an Annotated Translation. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Budi Sulistio. Majapahit and Islam Nusantara. Mp3a. Islam in Southeast Asia. SPs UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta R-208, 2017.
Crawfurd, John. History of the Indian Archipelago. Edinburg, 1820.
Danandjaja, James. Indonesian Folklore: The Science of Gossip, Fairy Tales, and Others. V. Jakarta: PT. Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 1997.
Drewes, G.J.W. “New Light on the Coming of Islam to Indonesia.” In BKI, 1968.
Fang, Liaw Yock. History of Classical Malay Literature. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 1975.
Fāṭimī, S.Q. Islam Comes to Malaysia. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 1963.
Fiderspiel, Howard M. Islamic Unity, Indonesian Islamic Renewal in the 20th Century. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1996.
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Kersten, Carool. Cosmopolitans and Heretics: New Muslim Intellectuals and the Study of Islam. London: Hurst & Company, 2011.
Majul, Cesar Adib. Muslims in the Philipines. Quezon: University of Philippines, 1973.
---. “Theories on the Introduction and Expansion of Islam in Malaysia.” SJ Vol. 11, no. 4 (1964): 344.
Marrison, G.E. “The Coming of Islam to the East Indies.” JBRAS Vol. 24, no. 1 (1951): 31-36.
Marsden, William. The History of Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Martin, Richard C. “Islām.” In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, 2:171-77. USA: Macmillan Reference, 2004.
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Syafrizal, Achmad. “The History of Islam in the Archipelago.” Islamuna 2, no. 2 (2015): 235-53.
Syauqi, Muhammad Labib. “Islam (in) Nusantara; Its Essence, Genealogy, and Identity.” Analysis: Journal of Islamic Studies 15, no. 2 (December 2015): 321-33.
Testriono. “Is Indonesian Islam Different? Islam in Indonesia in a Comparative International Perspective.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 18, no. 1 (2011): 199-202.
Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition, A Study in Historical Methodology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co. 1965.
Wahid, Abdurrahman. “The Pribumization of Islam.” In Indonesian Islam Looks to the Future, edited by Muntaha Azhari and Abdul Mun’im, 81. Jakarta: Association for the Development of Pesantren and Society (P3M), 1989.
Wertheim, W.F. Indonesian Society in Transition. Bandung: Sumur, 1956.
Wilson, H.E. “The Islamization of Southeast Asia: A Reassessment.” JHR Vol. 15, no. 1 (August 1972): 5.
Winstead, R.O. “The Advent of Muhammadanism in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.” JMBRAS Vol. 77 (1917).
Zaman, Akhmad Roja Badrus, “Nationalism and Citizenship in Tafsir Nusantara: A Comparative Thematic Study of Al-Azhar and Al-Mishbah Tafsir,” Thesis of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta in 2021.
Abdullah, Taufik. “Introduction to ‘Islamic Revival’ in Southeast Asia?” In Southeast Asian Islamic Renaissance: A History of Discourse and Power, by Azyumardi Azra, 2nd ed. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000.
Ali, Fachry, and Bahtiar Effendy. Traveling the New Path of Islam: Reconstructing Indonesian Islamic Thought during the New Order. Bandung: Mizan, 1990.
Al-Qurtuby, Sumanto. “Southeast Asia: History, Modernity, and Religious Change.” Al-Albab 2, no. 2 (December 2013): 145- 67.
Arnold, T.W. The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1975.
Asep Ahmad Hidayat, Samsudin, Dadan Rusmana, and Ajid Hakim. Islamic Studies in Southeast Asia. Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2013.
‘Aṭṭās, S.M. Naguib al-. Islam in Malay History and Culture. Kuala Lumpur: UKM, 1972.
---. Preliminary Statement on a General Theory of the Islamization of Malay-Indonesian Archipelago. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1969.
Azra, Azyumardi. Perennial Edition of the Network of Middle Eastern and Archipelago Scholars of the VII and XVIII Centuries: The Roots of Indonesian Islamic Renewal. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group, 2013.
---. “New Muslim Intellectuals and Islamic Studies.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 19, no. 1 (2012): 191-202.
---. “CUHK-1 Islamic Studies.” REPUBLIKA.CO.ID. http://m.republika.co.id/berita/kolom/resonansi/14/10/22/ndurfj-kajian-islam-cuhk-1.
---. Southeast Asian Islamic Renaissance: A History of Discourse and Power. 2nd ed. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000.
Baiti, Rosita. “Theories and Processes of Islamization in Indonesia.” Wardah 15, no. 28 (2014): 133-45.
Benda, Harry Jinrich. Crescent and Rising Sun. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.
Brown, C.C., trans. By. Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals, an Annotated Translation. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Budi Sulistio. Majapahit and Islam Nusantara. Mp3a. Islam in Southeast Asia. SPs UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta R-208, 2017.
Crawfurd, John. History of the Indian Archipelago. Edinburg, 1820.
Danandjaja, James. Indonesian Folklore: The Science of Gossip, Fairy Tales, and Others. V. Jakarta: PT. Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 1997.
Drewes, G.J.W. “New Light on the Coming of Islam to Indonesia.” In BKI, 1968.
Fang, Liaw Yock. History of Classical Malay Literature. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 1975.
Fāṭimī, S.Q. Islam Comes to Malaysia. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 1963.
Fiderspiel, Howard M. Islamic Unity, Indonesian Islamic Renewal in the 20th Century. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1996.
Geertz, Clifford. Abangan, Santri, and Priyayi in Javanese Society. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1981.
Hall, D. G. E. “Looking at Southeast Asian History.” The Journal of Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (1960): 243–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2943485.
Hall, D.G.E. A History of Southeast Asia. London: Macmillan, 1964.
Ḥāmid, Isma’īl. “A Survey of Theories on the Introduction of Islam to the Malay Archipelago.” Islamic Studies 21, no. 3 (1982): 89–100. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20847210.
Harrison, Brian. Southeast Asia, A Short History. London, 1957.
Hidayat, Rahayu S. “Introduction.” In Historical Sources and Historical Research, by Mona Lohanda. Depok: Center for Research on Society and Culture, University of Indonesia Research Institute, 1998.
Hill, A.H., ed. “Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai.” JMBRAS 33 (June 1960): 58-60.
Huda, Nor. Social Intellectual History of Islam in Indonesia. 1st ed. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2015.
Husda, Husaini. “Islamization of the Archipelago: An Analysis of Historians’ Discourses.” Adabiya 18, no. 35 (2016): 17-29.
Ira M. Lapidus. Social History of the Muslim Ummah: Parts One and Two. Translated by Ghufran A. Mas’adi. I. A History of Islamic Societies. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1999.
Jay, Robert. Santri, Abangan, Religious Schism in Rural Java. Harvard: Harvard University, 1957.
John, A.H. “Sufism as a Category in Indonesian Literature and History.” JSAH Vol. 2, no. 2 (July 1961): 3.
Kersten, Carool. Cosmopolitans and Heretics: New Muslim Intellectuals and the Study of Islam. London: Hurst & Company, 2011.
Majul, Cesar Adib. Muslims in the Philipines. Quezon: University of Philippines, 1973.
---. “Theories on the Introduction and Expansion of Islam in Malaysia.” SJ Vol. 11, no. 4 (1964): 344.
Marrison, G.E. “The Coming of Islam to the East Indies.” JBRAS Vol. 24, no. 1 (1951): 31-36.
Marsden, William. The History of Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Martin, Richard C. “Islām.” In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, 2:171-77. USA: Macmillan Reference, 2004.
Natsir, M. “A Glimpse of the Process of the Entry of Islam in West Kalimantan (Kalbar).” In Islam in Borneo: History, Development, and Contemporary Issues, edited by Jamil Hj Hamali and et al., 52-57. Universiti Teknologi MARA Serawak: UT MARA University Publishing Center (UPENA), t.t.
O’Brien, Peter, ed. “Veil.” In The Muslim Question in Europe, 104-43. Political Controversies and Public Philosophies. Temple University Press, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kft8dx.7.
Rabasa, Angel M., Cheryl Benard, Peter Chalk, C. Christine Fair, Theodore Karasik, Rollie Lal, Ian Leseer, and David Thaler.
The Muslim World After 9/11. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2004. http://www.rand.org/.
Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. Modern Indonesian History 1200-2004. Edited by Merle Calvin Ricklefs and Husni Syawie. Translated by Satrio Wahono, Bakar Bilfagih, Hasan
Huda, Miftah Helmi, Joko Sutrisno, and Has Manadi. Jakarta: Serambi, 2005.
Syafrizal, Achmad. “The History of Islam in the Archipelago.” Islamuna 2, no. 2 (2015): 235-53.
Syauqi, Muhammad Labib. “Islam (in) Nusantara; Its Essence, Genealogy, and Identity.” Analysis: Journal of Islamic Studies 15, no. 2 (December 2015): 321-33.
Testriono. “Is Indonesian Islam Different? Islam in Indonesia in a Comparative International Perspective.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 18, no. 1 (2011): 199-202.
Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition, A Study in Historical Methodology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co. 1965.
Wahid, Abdurrahman. “The Pribumization of Islam.” In Indonesian Islam Looks to the Future, edited by Muntaha Azhari and Abdul Mun’im, 81. Jakarta: Association for the Development of Pesantren and Society (P3M), 1989.
Wertheim, W.F. Indonesian Society in Transition. Bandung: Sumur, 1956.
Wilson, H.E. “The Islamization of Southeast Asia: A Reassessment.” JHR Vol. 15, no. 1 (August 1972): 5.
Winstead, R.O. “The Advent of Muhammadanism in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.” JMBRAS Vol. 77 (1917).
Zaman, Akhmad Roja Badrus, “Nationalism and Citizenship in Tafsir Nusantara: A Comparative Thematic Study of Al-Azhar and Al-Mishbah Tafsir,” Thesis of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta in 2021.
