BULUGH DAN BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL RUSHD: KRITIK NORMATIF ATAS USIA MINIMAL NIKAH PERSPEKTIF TURATS DAN NEUROSAINS
Keywords:
Bulugh, Rushd, Marriage Age, Prefrontal Cortex, Maqasid Syariah, Neuroscience
Abstract
This study critically examines the minimum marriage age standards in classical fiqh through an epistemological integration of the Islamic turats specifically the concept of rushd in Maqasid al-Shari’ah and neuroscientific findings on the maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). A normative-comparative approach based on library research was employed, drawing on primary sources such as classical fiqh texts (al-Umm, Bidayat al-Mujtahid, al-Mughni), Indonesian legislation, and reputable neuroscience journals. The study found that rushd al-akl in the Islamic tradition is epistemically compatible with biopsychological maturity in neuroscience. Data on marriage dispensations in Indonesia from 2019 to 2023 show an approval rate of 81–87%, indicating that judges still rely solely on bulugh as a consideration. The proposed synthesis of rushd and biopsychological concepts strengthens the normative foundation for reforming the marriage age by integrating the Maqasid of hifz al-nasl and hifz al-'aql with neurobiological evidence.
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References
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Raisuni, A. (2013). Muhadharat fi Maqasid al-Syari’ah. Dar al-Kalam al-Tayyib.
Safi, L. (1996). The foundation of knowledge: A comparative study in Islamic and Western methods of inquiry. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Statistik, B. P. (2023). Profil perempuan Indonesia 2023. BPS.
Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20445
Tamnes, C. K., Herting, M. M., Goddings, A. L., Meuwese, R., Blakemore, S. J., Dahl, R. E., Güroğlu, B., Raznahan, A., Sowell, E. R., Crone, E. A., & Mills, K. L. (2017). Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: A multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(12), 3402–3412. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017
Wahidah, W. (2018). Pernikahan dini dan implikasinya terhadap kehidupan keluarga pada masyarakat Banjar (perspektif hukum Islam). Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v9i1.3720
Welchman, L. (2007). Women and Muslim family laws in Arab states: A comparative overview of textual development and advocacy. Amsterdam University Press.
Agama, D. J. B. P. (2023). Laporan tahunan Dirjen Badilag 2023. Mahkamah Agung RI.
Al-Faruqi, I. R. (1982). Islamization of knowledge: General principles and work plan. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Al-Kasani, A. b. M. (1986). Bada’i al-Shana’i fi Tartib al-Shara’i (2nd ed., Vol. 5). Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Al-Nawawi, Y. (1991). Rawdat al-Talibin. Al-Maktab al-Islami.
Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2007). Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat: Dirasah Jadidah fi Daw’ al-Quran wa al-Sunnah. Maktabah Wahbah.
Amlien, I. K., Fjell, A. M., Tamnes, C. K., Grydeland, H., Krogsrud, S. K., Chaplin, T. A., Rosa, M. G. P., & Walhovd, K. B. (2016). Organizing principles of human cortical development—thickness and area from 4 to 30 years: Insights from comparative primate neuroanatomy. Cerebral Cortex, 26(1), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu214
Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3–4), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x
Casey, B. J. (2015). Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015156
Casey, B. J., Getz, S., & Galvan, A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Developmental Review, 28(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003
Dahl, G. B. (2010). Early teen marriage and future poverty. Demography, 47(3), 689–718. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0120
Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S. J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Developmental Science, 13(2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00888.x
Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(25), 6885–6892. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863. https://doi.org/10.1038/13158
Ibn ’Asyur, M. T. (2006). Maqasid al-Syari’ah al-Islamiyyah. Dar al-Nafa’is.
Ibn Qudamah, A. (1968). Al-Mughni (Vol. 7). Maktabah al-Qahirah.
Ibn Rushd al-Hafid, M. (1995). Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid (Vol. 2). Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Mills, K. L., Goddings, A. L., Herting, M. M., Meuwese, R., Blakemore, S. J., Crone, E. A., Dahl, R. E., Güroğlu, B., Raznahan, A., Sowell, E. R., & Tamnes, C. K. (2016). Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples. NeuroImage, 141, 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.044
Mubasyaroh, M. (2016). Analisis faktor penyebab pernikahan dini dan dampaknya bagi pelakunya. Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 385–411. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2161
Mulia, S. M. (2004). Islam menggugat poligami. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Nurmila, N. (2009). Women, Islam and everyday life: Renegotiating polygamy in Indonesia. Routledge.
Organization, W. H. (2023). Child marriages: 39,000 every day. WHO. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-03-2023-child-marriages
Raisuni, A. (2013). Muhadharat fi Maqasid al-Syari’ah. Dar al-Kalam al-Tayyib.
Safi, L. (1996). The foundation of knowledge: A comparative study in Islamic and Western methods of inquiry. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Statistik, B. P. (2023). Profil perempuan Indonesia 2023. BPS.
Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20445
Tamnes, C. K., Herting, M. M., Goddings, A. L., Meuwese, R., Blakemore, S. J., Dahl, R. E., Güroğlu, B., Raznahan, A., Sowell, E. R., Crone, E. A., & Mills, K. L. (2017). Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: A multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(12), 3402–3412. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017
Wahidah, W. (2018). Pernikahan dini dan implikasinya terhadap kehidupan keluarga pada masyarakat Banjar (perspektif hukum Islam). Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v9i1.3720
Welchman, L. (2007). Women and Muslim family laws in Arab states: A comparative overview of textual development and advocacy. Amsterdam University Press.
Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Syihab Ramadhan, A. (2026). BULUGH DAN BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL RUSHD: KRITIK NORMATIF ATAS USIA MINIMAL NIKAH PERSPEKTIF TURATS DAN NEUROSAINS. Jurnal Al-Wasith : Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, 11(1), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.52802/wst.v11i1.2134
Section
Articles
